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Retrieved November 4, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. The national government is headquartered in Havana and plays an extremely visible role in the city's life. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the , which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbors:.
Under the Cuban Ministry of Culture, it occupies two locations in the vicinity of Havana's Paseo del Prado, these are the Palace of Fine Arts, prime to Cuban art and the Palace of the Center, dedicated to universal art. Camila is that bombshell, super confident and unfazed by boys whereas Karla is more me. The who sings havana the building is adorned with a stone and marble statue. Retrieved December 9, 2017. The city who sings havana el forward with their renovations, with most of the major plazas Plaza Vieja, Plaza de la Catedral, Plaza de San Francisco and Plaza de Armas and major tourist streets Obispo and Mercaderes near completion. Such attacks convinced the Spanish Crown to fund the construction of the first caballeros in the main cities — not only to counteract the pirates and corsairs, but also to exert more control over commerce with the West Indies, and to limit the extensive contrabando that had arisen due to the trade restrictions imposed by the of the crown-controlled trading house that held a on New Sin trade. Retrieved December 23, 2017. The cemetery was built in 1876 and has nearly one million tombs. Retrieved February 9, 2018. The years after the collapsed in 1991, the city, and Cuba in general have suffered decades of economic deterioration. Retrieved December 31, 2017. The responsible of this natural bay, which now hosts Havana's harbor, warranted this change of location.
The clip shows Cabello and dancers on a New York City subway. Retrieved February 3, 2018. On November 11, 2017, a remix version of the song with Puerto Rican rapper was uploaded to Cabello's YouTube page. Select Platinum in the Certification field.
Who Sings My Heart Is In Havana - Most slum units are concentrated in the inner-city municipalities of and , as well as such neighbourhoods as Atarés in. Old Havana and its fortifications were added to the in 1982.
For the dog breed, see. Havana ; : La Habana is the , largest city, , major port, and leading commercial center of. The city has a population of 2. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the , which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbors:. The sluggish traverses the city from south to north, entering the a few miles west of the bay. The city of Havana was founded by the in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the , becoming a stopping point for treasure-laden Spanish returning to Spain. King granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the. Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one: , and the newer suburban districts. The city is the center of the , and home to various ministries, headquarters of businesses and over 90 diplomatic offices. The current mayor is of the PCC. The city attracts over a million tourists annually; the Official Census for Havana reports that in 2010 the city was visited by 1,176,627 international tourists, a 20% increase from 2005. Old Havana was declared a in 1982. The city is also noted for its , culture, architecture and monuments. As typical of Cuba, Havana experiences a. In May 2015, Havana was selected as one of the so-called together with , , , , , and. All attempts to found a city on Cuba's south coast failed. However, an early map of Cuba drawn in 1514 places the town at the mouth of this river. Between 1514 and 1519 the Spanish established at least two different settlements on the north coast, one of them in La Chorrera, today in the neighborhoods of Vedado and Miramar, next to the. The quality of this natural bay, which now hosts Havana's harbor, warranted this change of location. The name combines San Cristóbal, of Havana. Shortly after the founding of Cuba's first cities, the island served as little more than a base for the Conquista of other lands. The first attack and resultant burning of the city was by the French corsair in 1555. Such attacks convinced the Spanish Crown to fund the construction of the first fortresses in the main cities — not only to counteract the pirates and corsairs, but also to exert more control over commerce with the West Indies, and to limit the extensive contrabando that had arisen due to the trade restrictions imposed by the of the crown-controlled trading house that held a on New World trade. Ships from all over the New World carried products first to Havana, in order to be taken by the fleet to Spain. The thousands of ships gathered in the city's bay also fueled Havana's agriculture and manufacture, since they had to be supplied with food, water, and other products needed to traverse the ocean. On December 20, 1592, granted Havana the title of City. In the meantime, efforts to build or improve the defensive infrastructures of the city continued. New buildings were constructed from the most abundant materials of the island, mainly , combining various architectural styles, as well as borrowing profusely from characteristics. In 1649, an often fatal epidemic of brought from in Colombia affected a third of the European population of Havana. During the 18th century Havana was the most important of the Spanish ports because it had facilities where ships could be refitted and, by 1740, it had become Spain's largest and most active shipyard and only in the New World. The city was captured by the during the. The began on June 6, 1762, when at dawn, a British fleet, comprising more than 50 ships and a combined force of over 11,000 men of the and Army, sailed into Cuban waters and made an amphibious landing east of Havana. The British immediately opened up trade with their and , causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the was signed by the three warring powers thus ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain in exchange for the return of the city of Havana on to Spain. After regaining the city, the Spanish transformed Havana into the most heavily fortified city in the Americas. Construction began on what was to become the Fortress of , the third biggest Spanish fortification in the New World after the biggest and both in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On January 15, 1796, the remains of were transported to the island from. They rested here until 1898, when they were transferred to , after Spain's loss of Cuba. Havana's theaters featured the most distinguished actors of the age, and prosperity among the burgeoning middle-class led to expensive new classical mansions being erected. During this period Havana became known as the Paris of the. In 1837, the first railroad was constructed, a 51 km 32 mi stretch between Havana and , which was used for transporting from the valley of to the harbor. With this, Cuba became the fifth country in the world to have a railroad, and the first -speaking country. Throughout the century, Havana was enriched by the construction of additional cultural facilities, such as the , one of the most luxurious in the world. The fact that slavery was legal in Cuba until 1886 led to Southern American interest, including a plan by the to create a with a 1200 mile-radius centered on Havana. After the were defeated in the in 1865, many former slaveholders continued to run plantations by moving to Havana. In 1863, the city walls were knocked down so that the could be enlarged. At the end of the 19th century, Havana witnessed the final moments of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. Republican period and post-revolution The 20th century began with Cuba, and therefore Havana, under occupation by the United States. The US occupation officially ended when , , took office on 20 May 1902. During the Republican Period, from 1902 to 1959, the city saw a new era of development. Cuba recovered from the devastation of war to become a well-off country, with the third largest middle class in the hemisphere. Apartment buildings to accommodate the new middle class, as well as mansions for the Cuban tycoons, were built at a fast pace. Numerous luxury hotels, casinos and nightclubs were constructed during the 1930s to serve Havana's burgeoning tourist industry, which greatly benefited by the U. In the 1930s, organized crime characters were not unaware of Havana's nightclub and casino life, and they made their inroads in the city. At the time, Havana became an exotic capital of appeal and numerous activities ranging from marinas, grand prix car racing, musical shows, and parks. It was also the favorite destination of. Havana achieved the title of being the city with the biggest middle class population per-capita, simultaneously accompanied by gambling and corruption where gangsters and stars were known to mix socially. During this era, Havana was generally producing more revenue than , whose boom as a tourist destination began only after Havana's casinos closed in 1959. In 1958, about 300,000 American tourists visited the city. After the , the new régime under promised to improve social services, public housing, and official buildings. Nevertheless, after Castro's abrupt expropriation of all private property and industry May 1959 onwards under a strong communist model backed by the Soviet Union followed by the U. A severe economic downturn occurred after the in 1991. Soviet subsidies ended, representing billions of dollars which the Soviet Union had given the. Many believed that Havana's Soviet-backed régime would soon vanish, as happened to the Soviet of. However, contrary to events in Europe, Havana's communist régime continued during the 1990s. After many years of , the communist government increasingly turned to for new financial revenue, and has allowed foreign investors to build new hotels and develop the hospitality industry. In Old Havana, effort has also gone into rebuilding for tourist purposes, and a number of streets and squares have been rehabilitated. But Old Havana is a large city, and the restoration efforts concentrate in all on less than 10% of its area. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa, and Atarés. The sluggish traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay. The low hills on which the city lies rise gently from the deep blue waters of the straits. A noteworthy elevation is the 200-foot-high 60-metre limestone ridge that slopes up from the east and culminates in the heights of and , the sites of colonial fortifications overlooking the eastern bay. Another notable rise is the hill to the west that is occupied by the and the Prince's Castle. Outside the city, higher hills rise on the west and east. Climate Havana, like much of Cuba, has a that is tempered by the island's position in the belt of the and by the warm offshore currents. Under the , Havana has a that closely borders on a. Average temperatures range from 22 °C 72 °F in January and February to 28 °C 82 °F in August. The temperature seldom drops below 10 °C 50 °F. The lowest temperature was 1 °C 34 °F in Santiago de Las Vegas, Boyeros. The lowest recorded temperature in Cuba was 32 °F 0 °C in Bainoa, before 2011 the eastern part of Havana province. Rainfall is heaviest in June and October and lightest from December through April, averaging 1,200 mm 47 in annually. The table below lists temperature averages: Climate data for Havana 1961—1990, extremes 1859—present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 32. Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one: , , and the newer suburban districts. To the west a newer section, centred on the uptown area known as , has become the rival of Old Havana for commercial activity and nightlife. The building marks the beginning of Centro Habana, a working-class neighborhood that lies between Vedado and Old Havana. Barrio Chino and the , one of Cuba's oldest cigar factories is located in the area. A third Havana is that of the more affluent residential and industrial districts that spread out mostly to the west. Among these is , one of the newer parts of the city, dating mainly from the 1920s. Some of the suburban exclusivity was lost after the revolution, many of the suburban homes having been nationalized by the Cuban government to serve as schools, hospitals, and government offices. Several private country clubs were converted to public recreational centres. The is located in the Miramar neighborhood. A motorcycle with sidecar tool down a rainswept street in Old Havana 1997. Photo by Gary Mark Smith. In the 1980s many parts of , including the Plaza de Armas, became part of a projected 35-year multimillion-dollar restoration project, for Cubans to appreciate their past and boost tourism. In the past ten years, with the assistance of foreign aid and under the support of local city historian Eusebio Leal Spengler, large parts of Habana Vieja have been renovated. The city is moving forward with their renovations, with most of the major plazas Plaza Vieja, Plaza de la Catedral, Plaza de San Francisco and Plaza de Armas and major tourist streets Obispo and Mercaderes near completion. Districts The city is divided into 15 — or boroughs, which are further subdivided into 105 consejos populares. Numbers refer to map. Architecture The residential skyscraper Due to Havana's almost , the city boasts some of the most diverse styles of architecture in the world, from castles built in the late 16th century to modernist present-day high-rises. The present condition of many buildings in Havana has deteriorated since the 1959 Revolution. Numerous collapses have resulted in injuries and deaths due to a lack of maintenance and crumbling structures. Neoclassical was introduced into the city in the 1840s, at the time including Gas public lighting in 1848 and the railroad in 1837. In the second half of the 18th century, sugar and coffee production increased rapidly, which became essential in the development of Havana's most prominent architectural style. Many wealthy Habaneros took their inspiration from the French; this can be seen within the interiors of upper class houses such as the Aldama Palace built in 1844. This is considered the most important neoclassical residential building in Cuba and typifies the design of many houses of this period with portales of neoclassical columns facing open spaces or courtyards. In 1925 , the head of urban planning in Paris moved to Havana for five years to collaborate with architects and landscape designers. In the master planning of the city his aim was to create a harmonic balance between the classical built form and the tropical landscape. He embraced and connected the city's road networks while accentuating prominent landmarks. His influence has left a huge mark on Havana although many of his ideas were cut short by the. During the first decades of the 20th century Havana expanded more rapidly than at any time during its history. Great wealth prompted architectural styles to be influenced from abroad. The peak of Neoclassicism came with the construction of the begun in 1859. This whole neighborhood is littered with set back well-proportioned buildings. Colonial and Baroque Riches were brought from the colonialists into and through Havana as it was a key point between the and. As a result, Havana was the most heavily fortified city in the Americas. Most examples of early architecture can be seen in military fortifications such as 1558—1577 designed by and the 1589—1630. This sits at the entrance of and provides an insight into the supremacy and wealth at that time. Old Havana was also protected by a defensive wall begun in 1674 but had already overgrown its boundaries when it was completed in 1767, becoming the new neighbourhood of. The influence from different styles and cultures can be seen in Havana's colonial architecture, with a diverse range of , , , and. The 18th century is a good example of early Spanish influenced architecture. Surrounding it are the former palaces of the Count de Casa-Bayona 1720—1746 Marquis de Arcos 1746 and the Marquis de Aguas Claras 1751—1775. Art Deco and Eclectic The first echoes of the movement in Havana started in 1927, in the residential area of. The Edificio 1930 is thought to be the best example of Art-deco architecture in the city and first tall Art Deco building as well, followed by the 1930 and The Lopez Serrano building built in 1932 by Ricardo Mira inspired by the in. The year 1928 marked the beginning of the reaction against the Spanish Renaissance style architecture, Art Deco started in the lush and wealthy suburbs of , , and. The city's eclectic architectural sights begins in. The 1912 , and the 1920 are example of. Modernism Many high-rise office buildings, and apartment complexes, along with some hotels built in the 1950s dramatically altered the skyline. Modernism, therefore, transformed much of the city and is known its individual buildings of high quality rather than its larger key buildings. Examples of the latter are 1958 , which before the revolution was the Havana and La Rampa movie theater 1955. Famous architects such as , and all passed through the city, while strong influences can be seen in Havana at this time from and. The 1956 represents Havana's economic dominance at the time. This 35-story complex was conceived and based on Corbusian ideas of a self-contained city within a city. It contained 400 apartments, garages, a school, a supermarket, and restaurant on the top floor. This was the tallest concrete structure in the world at the time using no steel frame and the ultimate symbol of luxury and excess. The Hotel 1957 designed by , a twenty-one-story edifice, when it opened, the Riviera was the largest purpose-built casino-hotel in Cuba or anywhere in the world, outside Las Vegas the 1958 surpassed its size a year later. Landmarks and historical centres The Lighthouse and the , have become symbols of Havana. Inside stands the third largest indoor statue in the world, La Estatua de la República. Nowadays, the headquarters and the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural the National Museum of Natural History has its venue within the building and contains the largest natural history collection in the country. It houses some twenty old guns and military antiques. The theater is also known as concert hall, , the biggest in Cuba. The Malecón is the most popular avenue of Havana, it is known for its sunsets. The cemetery was built in 1876 and has nearly one million tombs. Some gravestones are decorated with sculpture by Ramos Blancos, among others. Havana at night Havana, by far the leading cultural centre of the country, offers a wide variety of features that range from museums, palaces, public squares, avenues, churches, fortresses including the largest fortified complex in the Americas dating from the 16th through 18th centuries , ballet and from art and musical festivals to exhibitions of technology. The restoration of Old Havana offered a number of new attractions, including a museum to house relics of the Cuban revolution. The government placed special emphasis on cultural activities, many of which are free or involve only a minimal charge. Old Havana Old Havana, La Habana Vieja in Spanish , contains the core of the original city of Havana, with more than 2,000 hectares it exhibits almost all the Western architectural styles seen in the New World. La Habana Vieja was founded by the Spanish in 1519 in the natural harbor of the Bay of Havana. It became a stopping point for the treasure laden Spanish on the crossing between the New World and the. In the 17th century it was one of the main shipbuilding centers. The city was built in and. Many buildings have fallen in ruin but a number are being restored. The narrow streets of Old Havana contain many buildings, accounting for perhaps as many as one-third of the approximately 3,000 buildings found in Old Havana. Old Havana is the ancient city formed from the port, the official center and the Plaza de Armas. The Cuban government is taking many steps to preserve and to restore Old Havana, through the Office of the city historian, directed by. Old Havana and its fortifications were added to the in 1982. The beauty of Old Havana City attracts millions of tourists each year who enjoy its rich old culture and folk music. In spring 2015, the largest open-air art exhibition ever in Cuba took in front of the basilica on the : Over eight weeks the visited Havana. United Buddy Bears exhibitions are part of a non-commercial and non-profit project. The main aim is to promote the idea of tolerance and mutual understanding between countries, cultures and religions and to communicate a vision of a future peaceful world. Barrio Chino Barrio Chino in Centro Habana Barrio Chino was once Latin America's largest and most vibrant Chinese community, incorporated into the city by the early part of the 20th century. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese workers were brought in by Spanish settlers from , , , and via , starting in the mid-19th century to replace or work alongside slaves. After completing 8-year contracts, many Chinese immigrants settled permanently in Havana. The first 206 Chinese-born arrived in Havana on June 3, 1847. The neighborhood was booming with Chinese restaurants, laundries, banks, pharmacies, theaters and several Chinese-language newspapers, the neighborhood comprised 44 square blocks during its prime. The heart of Barrio Chino is on el Cuchillo de Zanja or The Zanja Canal. The district has two , the larger one located on Calle Dragones. It has a well defined written welcoming sign in and Spanish. The smaller arch is located on Zanja strip. The Cuban's Chinese boom ended when Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution seized private businesses, sending tens of thousands of business-minded Chinese fleeing, mainly to the United States. Descendants are now making efforts to preserve and revive the culture. Visual arts The Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes is a museum that exhibits Cuban and International art collections. The museum houses one of the largest collections of paintings and sculpture from Latin America and is the largest in the Caribbean region. Under the Cuban Ministry of Culture, it occupies two locations in the vicinity of Havana's Paseo del Prado, these are the Palace of Fine Arts, devoted to Cuban art and the Palace of the Center, dedicated to universal art. Its artistic heritage is made up of over 45,000 pieces. The Museo de la Revolución , designed in Havana by Cuban architect Carlos Maruri, and the Paul Belau, who came up with an design, harmoniously combines Spanish, French and German architectural elements. The museum was the in the capital; today, its displays and documents outline Cuba's history from the beginning of the neo-colonial period. The museum has been exhibiting more than 33,000 works dating from the reigns of , , and ; as well as 16th to 20th century pieces, among many other treasures. The Museum has ten permanent exhibit halls. Among them are prominent porcelain articles from the factories in and , France; , Germany; and , England, as well as Chinese from the period and Japanese from the. The furniture comes from , and several others. Several museums in Old Havana houses furniture, , , glass and other items from the colonial period. One of these is the , where Spanish governors once lived. The Casa de Africa presents another aspect of Cuba's history, it houses a large collection of religious artifacts. Other museums in the city include Casa de los Árabes House of Arabs and the Casa de Asia House of Asia with and collections. Havana's Museo del Automobil has an impressive collection of vehicles dating back to a 1905. While most museums of Havana are situated in Old Havana, few of them can also be found in. In total, Havana has around 50 museums, including the National Museum of Music; the Museum of Dance and Rum; the Cigar Museum; the Napoleonic, Colonial and Oricha Museums; the Museum of Anthropology; the Ernest Hemingway Museum; the José Martí Monument; the Aircraft Museum. There are also museums of Natural Sciences, the City, Archeology, Gold-and-Silverwork, Perfume, Pharmaceuticals, Sports, Numismatics, and Weapons. Performing arts Facing Havana's Central Park is the , a prominent theatre built in 1837. It is now home of the and the , one of the oldest in the New World. The of the building is adorned with a stone and marble statue. There are also sculptural pieces by , representing allegories depicting benevolence, education, music and theatre. The principal theatre is the Auditorium, with seats for 1,500 and balconies. Glories of its rich history; the Italian sang, the Russian ballerina danced, and the French acted. Other important theatres in the city includes the , housed in a huge modern building located in , decorated with works by Cuban artists. The National Theater includes two main theatre stages, the Avellaneda Auditorium and the Covarrubias Auditorium, as well as a smaller theatre workshop space on the ninth floor. The with its large auditorium have a of 5,500 spectators, is generally used for concerts and other events, it is also one of the venues for the annual. The city has long been a popular attraction for. Between 1915 and 1930, Havana hosted more tourists than any other location in the Caribbean. The influx was due in large part to , where restrictive on and other pastimes stood in stark contrast to the island's traditionally relaxed attitude to leisure pursuits. A pamphlet published by E. With the deterioration of and the imposition of the on the island in 1961, tourism dropped drastically and did not return to anything close to its pre-revolution levels until 1989. The revolutionary government in general, and in particular, initially opposed any considerable development of the tourism industry, linking it to the debauchery and criminal activities of times past. In the late 1970s, however, Castro changed his stance and, in 1982, the Cuban government passed a foreign investment code which opened a number of sectors, tourism included, to foreign capital. Through the creation of firms open to such foreign investment such as Cubanacan , Cuba began to attract capital for hotel development, managing to increase the number of tourists from 130,000 in 1980 to 326,000 by the end of that decade. Havana has also been a popular destination for more than 20 years. Foreign patients travel to Cuba, Havana in particular, for a wide range of treatments including , disorders such as and , and. Many patients are from Latin America, although medical treatment for , often known as , has attracted many patients from Europe and North America. The city's economy first developed on the basis of its location, which made it one of the early great trade centres in the New World. Sugar and a flourishing trade first brought riches to the city, and later, after independence, it became a renowned resort. Despite efforts by Fidel Castro's government to spread Cuba's industrial activity to all parts of the island, Havana remains the centre of much of the nation's industry. The traditional sugar industry, upon which the island's economy has been based for three centuries, is centred elsewhere on the island and controls some three-fourths of the export economy. But light manufacturing facilities, meat-packing plants, and chemical and pharmaceutical operations are concentrated in Havana. Other food-processing industries are also important, along with shipbuilding, vehicle manufacturing, production of alcoholic beverages particularly rum , textiles, and tobacco products, particularly the world-famous cigars. Although the of and , in particular, have been developed under the revolutionary government, Havana remains Cuba's primary port facility; 50% of Cuban imports and exports pass through Havana. The port also supports a considerable fishing industry. In 2000, nearly 89% of the city's officially recorded labour force worked for government-run agencies, institutions or enterprises. Havana, on average, has the country's highest incomes and human development indicators. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba re-emphasized tourism as a major industry leading to its recovery. Tourism is now Havana and Cuba's primary economic source. Havana's economy is still in flux, despite Raul Castro's embrace of free enterprise in 2011. Commerce and finance After the Revolution, Cuba's traditional capitalist free-enterprise system was replaced by a heavily socialized economic system. In Havana, Cuban-owned businesses and U. In Old Havana and throughout Vedado there are several small private businesses, such as shoe-repair shops or dressmaking facilities. Banking as well is also under state control, and the , headquartered in Havana, is the control center of the Cuban economy. Its branches in some cases occupy buildings that were in pre-revolutionary times the offices of Cuban or foreign banks. In the late 1990s Vedado, located along the atlantic waterfront, started to represent the principal commercial area. It was developed extensively between 1930 and 1960, when Havana developed as a major destination for U. The University of Havana is located in Vedado. By the end of 2012 official Census, 19. According to the census of 2012, the population was 2,106,146 The city has an average of 76. Havana agglomeration grew rapidly during the first half of the 20th century reaching 1 million inhabitants in the 1943 census. The con-urbanization expanded over the Havana municipality borders into neighbor municipalities of Marianao, Regla and Guanabacoa. Starting from the 1980s, the city's population is growing slowly as a result of balanced development policies, low birth rate, its relatively high rate of emigration abroad, and controlled domestic migration. Because of the city and country's low birth rate and high life expectancy, its age structure is similar to a developed country, with Havana having an even higher proportion of elderly than the country as a whole. The Cuban government controls the movement of people into Havana on the grounds that the Havana metropolitan area home to nearly 20% of the country's population is overstretched in terms of land use, water, electricity, transportation, and other elements of the urban infrastructure. The city's significant minority of , mostly ancestors, were brought in the mid-19th century by Spanish settlers via the with work contracts and after completing 8-year contracts many Chinese immigrants settled permanently in Havana. Before the revolution the Chinese population counted to over 200,000, today, Chinese ancestors could count up to 100,000. There are some 3,000 living in the city; as reported by the Russian Embassy in Havana, most are women married to Cubans who had studied in the Soviet Union. Havana also shelters other non-Cuban population of an unknown size. There is a population of several thousand North African teen and pre-teen refugees. Religion form the largest religious group in Havana. Havana is one of the three Metropolitan sees on the island the others being Camaguëy and Santiago , with two suffragan bishoprics: Matanzas and Pinar del Río. Its patron saint is San Cristobal , to whom the cathedral is devoted. It received papal visits from three successive supreme pontiffs: January 1998 , March 2012 and September 2015. The community in Havana has reduced after the Revolution from once having embraced more than 15,000 Jews, many of whom had fled persecution and subsequently left Cuba to Miami or moved to after Castro took to power in 1959. The city once had five , but only three remain one , and two : one Conservative and one Conservative , is one of them and another that is a hybrid of all 3 put together. In February 2007 the estimated that there were about 1,500 known Jews living in Havana. Poverty and slums Housing Units and Population of Havana Slums Housing type Year Units Population % of Total Pop. The years after the collapsed in 1991, the city, and Cuba in general have suffered decades of economic deterioration. The national government does not have an official definition of. Most slum units are concentrated in the inner-city municipalities of and , as well as such neighbourhoods as Atarés in. People living in slums have access to the same education, health care, job opportunities and social security as those who live in formerly privileged neighbourhoods. Over 9% of Havana's population live in cuartería solares, ciudadela , 3. Partial or total building collapses are not uncommon, although the number had been cut in half by the end of the 1990s as the worst units disappeared and others were repaired. Buildings in Old Havana and Centro Habana are especially exposed to the elements: high humidity, the corrosive effects of salt spray from proximity to the coast, and occasional flooding. Main article: The Metrobus serves the inner-city urban area, with a maximum distance of 20 km 12 mi. The camellos operated on the busiest routes and were trailers transformed into buses known as camels, so called for their two humps. The stops are usually 800—1,000 metres 2,600—3,300 ft , with frequent buses in peak hours, about every 10 minutes. It uses large modern articulated buses, such as the Chinese-made Yutong brand, Russian-made Liaz, or MAZ of. Omnibus Metropolitanos The Omnibus Metropolitanos OM , known as the Metrobus feeder line, connects the adjacent towns and cities in the metropolitan area with the city center, with a maximum distance of 40 km 25 mi. This division has one of the most used and largest fleets in the country, its fleet is made up of mostly new Chinese , but as well older buses. In 2008 the Cuban government invested millions of dollars for the acquisition of 1,500 new urban buses. Airports Havana is served by. The Airport lies about 11 kilometres 7 mi south of the city center, in the municipality of , and is the main hub for the country's. The airport is Cuba's main international and domestic gateway, it connects Havana with the rest of the , , and , and one destination in. The city is also served by which is small airport to the west of city used for some domestic flights, primarily. Rail See also: Havana has a network of , interurban and long-distance rail lines. The railways are nationalised and run by the FFCC — Railways of Cuba. The FFCC connects Havana with all the provinces of Cuba. The main railway stations are: , La Coubre Rail Station, , and Estación de Tulipán. In 2004 the annual passenger volume was some 11 million, but demand is estimated at two-and-a-half to three times this value, with the busiest route being between Havana and , some 836 kilometres 519 mi apart by rail. In 2000 the Union de Ferrocarriles de Cuba bought French first class airconditioned coaches. In the 1980s there were plans for a in Havana similar to 's, as a result of the influence in Cuba at the time. The studies of geology and finance made by Cuban, Czech and Soviet specialists were already well advanced in the 1980s. The Cuban press showed the construction project and the course route, linking municipalities and neighborhoods in the capital. In the late 1980s the project had already begun, each mile of track was worth a million dollars at the time, but with the in 1991 the project was later dropped. Interurban tram An interurban line, known as the , built in 1917 runs from Casablanca across the harbor from Old Havana to Hershey and on to. Ferry Ferries connect with and , leaving every 10—15 minutes from Muelle Luz at the foot of Santa Clara Street. The fare is 0. Roads The city's road network is quite extensive, and has broad avenues, main streets and major access roads to the city such as the Autopista Nacional A1 , and. The road network has been under construction and growth since the colonial era, is currently undergoing a major deterioration due to low maintenance. The current mayor of Havana President of the People's Power Provincial Assembly is , she was elected on March 5, 2011. The city is administered by a city-provincial council, with a mayor as chief administrative officer, thus Havana functions as both a city and a. The city has little autonomy and is dependent upon the national government, particularly, for much of its budgetary and overall political direction. The national government is headquartered in Havana and plays an extremely visible role in the city's life. Moreover, the all-embracing authority of many national institutions has led to a declining role for the city government, which, nevertheless, still provides much of the essential services and has competences in education, health care, city public transport, garbage collection, small industry, agriculture, etc. Voters elect delegates to Municipal Assemblies in competitive elections. There is only one political party, the , but since there must be a minimum of two candidates, members of the Communist Party often run against each other. Candidates are not required to be members of the party. They are nominated directly by citizens in open meetings within each election district. Municipal Assembly delegates in turn elect members of the Provincial Assembly, which in Havana serves roughly as the City Council; its president functions as the Mayor. There are direct elections for deputies to the National Assembly based on slates, and a portion of the candidates is nominated at the local level. The People's Councils Consejos Populares consist of local municipal delegates who elect a full-time representative to preside over the body. The 105 People's Councils in Havana cover an average of 20,000 residents. Havana city borders are contiguous with the on the south and east and to on the west, since former rural was abolished in 2010. Further information: The national government assumes all responsibility for education, and there are adequate primary, secondary, and vocational training schools throughout Cuba. The schools are of varying quality and education is free and compulsory at all levels except higher learning, which is also free. The , located in the section of Havana, was established in 1728 and was regarded as a leading institution of higher learning in the. Soon after the Revolution, the university, as well as all other educational institutions, were nationalized. Since then several other universities have opened, like the where the vast majority of today's Cuban engineers are taught. The with 4,350 students is one of the largest ballet schools in the world and the most prestigious school in Cuba. Health Further information: All Cuban residents have free access to health care in hospitals, local polyclinics, and neighbourhood family doctors who serve on average 170 families each, which is one of the highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the world. However, the health system has suffered from shortages of supplies, equipment and medications caused by ending of the subsidies in the early 1990s and the. Nevertheless, Havana's in 2009 was 4. Administration of the health care system for the nation is centred largely in Havana. Hospitals in Havana are run by the national government, and citizens are assigned hospitals and clinics to which they may go for attention. Services Utility services are under the control of several nationalized state enterprises that have developed since the. Water, electricity, and sewage service are administered in this fashion. Electricity is supplied by generators that are fueled with oil. Much of the original power plant installations, which operated before the Revolutionary government assumed control, have become somewhat outdated. Many Cubans are avid sports fans who particularly favour baseball. Havana's team in the is. The city has several large sports stadiums, the largest one is the. 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A comprehensive account of the history of Havana from the early 16th century to the end of the 19th century. La ciudad de las columnas The city of columns. A historical review of the city from one of the major authors in the iberoamerican literature, a native of this city. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2006. A social history of the city from 1519 to the present, co-authored by a Cuban writer and editor resident in Havana and an American novelist and writer of popular history. La fidelísima Habana The very faithful Havana. A fundamental illustrated book for those who wants to know the history of La Habana, includes chronicles, articles from natives and non natives, archives documents, and more. Cuba: A Winter Paradise. New York, 1908, 1912, 1914 and 1915. Maps, photos and descriptions of suburban and interurban electric lines. Map, photos and description of Havana Central Railroad. Electrical World New York , April 15, 1909, pp. Electric Railway Journal New York , September 28, 1912, p. Photo and description of Cuban battery cars. The definitive survey but no pictures or maps. Michener and John Kings. Six Days in Havana. University of Texas Press; first edition 1989. Interviews with close to 200 Cubans of widely assorted backgrounds and positions, and concerns how the country has progressed after 90 years of independence from Spain and under the 30-year leadership of Castro.